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Father Tongue hypothesis
The Father Tongue hypothesis is an ethnolinguistic and population genetic hypothesis about language dispersal. A correlation was first reported between Y chromosomal haplogroups and the distribution of language families by a team of population geneticists led by Estella Poloni. On the basis of these and similar findings by other geneticists, the hypothesis was elaborated by historical linguist Georg van Driem in 2010 that languages and entire language families were disseminated geographically more often by male than by female speakers. Consequently, many language communities speak father tongues rather than mother tongues, and the teaching by a mother of her spouse’s tongue to her children is a mechanism by which language has preferentially been spread over time.
Focusing on prehistoric language shift in already settled areas, examples worldwide show that as little as 10-20% of prehistoric male immigration can (but need not) cause a language switch, indicating an elite imposition such as may have happened with the appearance of the first farmers or metalworkers in the neolithic, bronze and iron ages.
==The hypothesis in detail==
Genetic variation of different genetic markers corresponds well to the historical and prehistorical migration patterns and with other factors, such as the geographical distribution or linguistic affinities of populations. However, the distribution of language families and linguistic subgroups more frequently correlates with the distribution of the haplogroups of the Y chromosome than with the distribution of the haplogroups of mitochondrial DNA. It is thus more often possible to predict the linguistic affinity of a male when only his Y chromosomal haplogroup is known, than to predict the linguistic affinity of a female when only her mtDNA haplogroup is known.〔 The Y chromosome follows a patrilineal line of inheritance, meaning it is only passed on among males, from father to son. Mitochondrial DNA on the other hand follows a matrilineal line of inheritance, meaning it is only passed on from the mother to her children and from her daughters to their children, etc. The Father Tongue hypothesis is an interpretation of this observed phenomenon, that Y haplogroups correlate more frequently with linguistic subgroups than do mtDNA haplogroups.
The historical linguist George van Driem interpreted this correlation of Y chromosomal haplogroups and language families as indicating that the spread of language families was often mediated by male-biased migration, whether these intrusions were martial or something less glamourous. He conjectured that the majority of language communities spoke father tongues rather than mother tongues.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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